项目管理
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Why manage a software project? - The Constraints of Time, Budget, Staff, Tools

项目计划

Project Planning

定义项目活动

将项目拆分为较小的活动(任务),从而方便
  • 为每个任务估计时间和资源
  • 并行组织任务以优化人员利用率
    • Organise tasks concurrently to optimise staff
  • 最小化任务之间的依赖关系(减少等待其他任务造成的延迟)
每个活动有以下因素
  • 持续时间 - Duration (e.g. in calendar days/months)
  • 截止日期 - Deadline
  • 工作量估计 - Effort estimate (e.g. person days/months)

里程碑

Milestone
  • an end-point of a process activiy which allow us to assess the progress
  • a predictable state where a progress it produced
    • 需要伴随着一个可交付的产出 (Deliverable, Project results delivered to customers) e.g. a security report or an event/meeting
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可视化时间表

Visualize project schedule

活动网络

Activity network,使用箭线图,能够更方便:
  • Adjust milestones to match the deadline
  • Adjust tasks by changing/adding people
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Identify the critical path (the longest path)

活动时间线

Activity timeline,使用 甘特图 / 条形图
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计划问题

Scheduling problems
  • 软件是抽象的,估算困难 (Estimating is hard),
  • 生产力与人员数量并不成比例 (Productivity is not proportional to number of staff)
  • 在一个延迟的项目中增加人员只会使其更加延迟(导致沟通问题)
  • 意外总会发生,因此要在计划中始终留出余地 (allow for contingency)

风险管理

Risk management
IAPM
IAPM

风险识别

Risk identification

风险类型

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具体风险例子

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风险分析

Risk analysis: 判断风险的可能性和严重性
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风险计划

Risk planning,制定风险管理手段

避免策略

Avoidance strategies: Reduce probability of risk

最小化策略

Minimization strategies: Impact of risk will be reduced

应急措施

Contingency plans: Prepare for the worst and have a strategy in place (just in case)
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风险监控

Risk monitoring,使用风险指标 (Risk indicators) 识别可能导致项目出现问题的风险因素。
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总结

良好的项目管理 → 项目成功

Project management success criteria:
  • Deliver in time
  • Costs within budget
  • Meet customer's expectations
  • Keep team happy (!)
 
2023 - 2026